Reservoir Chlorination of the Local Well-Tank-Faucet Systems is a Rapid and Efficient Tool for Controlling Water-related Diseases: Pathogens' Load-clinical Response Rate Correlation.

Chlorination is a chemical method for water disinfection that has been proved to be highly effective in controlling waterborne diarrheal diseases. Most studies have focused on wells' chlorination or later at household level, whereas there have been relatively few researches evaluating the treatment of reservoirs water. Our study followed a mixed design with a before-and-after comparison. It was conducted in a refugee settlement, Um-Baddah Nevachah, which is located in the western outskirts of Khartoum, Sudan. Baseline total coliform test findings have paired areas of four wells that were labeled as sample or control based on fair coin-tossing. A centrally administered water treatment that contains chlorine was added to intervention wells, whereas the other set was considered as chlorine-free placebo. Data were collected 15 days later from the following four main sources: total coliform count, questionnaire-based experimental data trackers, health center records, and face-to-face interviews. The calculated sample size was 341 with corresponding controls selected by systematic random sampling. We found that both groups' prevalences of waterborne diseases were significantly different before the intervention and they shifted later (p = 0.043 vs. p = 0.496, 95% CI). These findings suggest that reservoir chlorination provides prompt disinfection of well-tank-faucet systems water. Highly credible gastroenteritis is a useful tool to detect cases of gastroenteritis in resources limit settings.

Airway foreign bodies: A critical review for a common pediatric emergency.

BACKGROUND: Airway foreign bodies (AFBs) is an interdisciplinary area between emergency medicine, pediatrics and otolaryngology. It is a life-threatening condition that is not infrequently seen; however, it is poorly covered in medical literature. Accidental aspiration of an element into airways is a widespread clinical scenario among children under 3 years, predominantly males. Moreover, it is the leading cause of infantile deaths and the fourth one among preschool children. DATA RESOURCES: A systemic search was conducted in July 2015 using PubMed/PubMed Central Database of The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/). A total of 1 767 articles were identified and most of them were meta-analyses, systematic reviews, and case series. Those thoroughly discussing assessment and management of AFBs were retrieved. RESULTS: AFBs episodes may be either witnessed or missed. Presence of a witness for the inhalation is diagnostic. The later usually present with persistent active cough. A classical triad of paroxysmal cough, wheezing, and dyspnoea/decreased air entry was reported, though many presentations have inconsistent findings. Hence, diagnosis requires high index of clinical suspicion. Flexible fibro-optic bronchoscopy is the gold standard of diagnosis, whereas inhaled objects are best retrieved by rigid bronchoscopes. CONCLUSIONS: Close supervision of pediatrics is the hallmark of prevention. Caregivers should ensure a safe surrounding milieu, including the toys their offspring play with. Immediate complications result from direct obstruction or injury by the inhaled object. Alternatively, prolonged lodging traps air and induces inflammatory response causing atelectesis and pneumonia, respectively.